One first such challenge was the Sahara issue. It, also, prevented the Algerian people from witnessing the tremendous development realized by Morocco in various sectors of the economy in spite of the fact that the country does not have any oil. In 1994, Marrakech witnessed one of the first terrorist attacks in the country. However, this substantial political opening was slowly recanted in the name of security, due to the raging Islamist rebellion that lasted from 1992 to the early 2000s. Many of the social, economic and political conditions that have been outlined were also present in the MENA countries that experienced social upheavals in 2011. Also, the security services were ordered to avoid any provocation that could trigger a social explosion. These factors, in combination with neo-liberal policies promoted by international institutions, pushed the two states to lessen their role in the economy by privatising public companies, limiting subsidies and lifting price controls. Source: Wikipedia, 2020. As discussed previously, Algeria and Morocco have not moved away from the authoritarian pattern of governance, in spite of some enacted reforms and policy accommodations when faced with potential upheaval. The events lasted only a week, and ended as soon as the government imposed a low price ceiling on basic food, tabled impending market regulations and provided “temporary and exceptional exemptions on import duties, value-added tax and corporate tax for everyday commodities”.9 In other words, the economic demands received an immediate regulatory response. They were aimed at the overall unsatisfactory political and economic conditions and at the Makhzen, which is the informal centre of power that stands behind the façade of the modern state – it is powerful and feared.6 The massive but peaceful demonstrations started in the capital city of Rabat, and were youth-led and inspired by social media. Do you find Italians kind of look like East Indians? During the 1970s through the 1990s Algeria not only armed the Polisario but, also and most importantly, bought external support for it in the Organization of African Unity -OAU- and in the UN, thanks to the petrodollars it got from its oil revenues. The political direction under Ould Daddah was one of cautious balance between the country’s African and Arab roots; independence came with close ties to France and full…, …the French entry into Fès, Morocco, in 1910, Canalejas ordered (1911) the occupation of Larache, Alcázar, and Arcila by Spanish troops, but in 1912 he was forced to make an agreement that further reduced the Spanish Zone of Morocco. The government is no longer responsible to the king, but is exclusively accountable to parliament – in theory, at least. Morocco and Algeria became ‘the exceptions’ in a region engulfed by violent protests and instability. Source: city's official website, 2020. Democratisation may enhance the state’s legitimacy and may help society acquire greater autonomy and say in public policy.17 Both Algeria and Morocco are still far from that, and their ability to shun serious and much-needed changes may diminish in the coming years if the rising expectations of their citizens do not get a matching response from the state. The GDP per capita is calculated by dividing the total GDP by the number of people living in the country. The governing system remains authoritarian – albeit softened a bit by the 10-year war and concerned about the possible impact of violence and unrest in neighbouring Libya and Mali.
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