A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed Huguenots) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King Henry II. Persecution extended to unorthodox Roman Catholics like the Jansenists, a group that denied free will and had already been condemned by the popes. The Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of Roussillon after the crushing of the ephemeral Catalan Republic and ushered a short period of peace.[16]. [31] However, it was too late, and the liberal opposition won out over the monarchy. Then France joined the Protestant League despite being predominantly Catholic to illegal give materiel assistance to treasonous rebels in Flanders, Belgium and the Netherlands. Interesting. Charles the Bald was also crowned King of Lotharingia after the death of Lothair II in 869, but in the Treaty of Meerssen (870) was forced to cede much of Lotharingia to his brothers, retaining the Rhone and Meuse basins (including Verdun, Vienne and Besançon) but leaving the Rhineland with Aachen, Metz, and Trier in East Francia. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than that of Rome. Alors, que retenir de cela? By the time my direct ancestor landed in Philly in the 1700s it was German Wudrung and then Anglicized to Woodring. However, the work of Louis XVIII was frustrated when, after his death in 16 September 1824, his brother the Count of Artois became king under the name of Charles X. Charles X was a strong reactionary who supported the ultra-royalists and the Catholic Church. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the long War of the Spanish Succession began (1701–14), a mere three years after the War of the Grand Alliance, (1688–97, aka "War of the League of Augsburg") had just concluded. The first king calling himself Roi de France ("King of France") was Philip II, in 1190. [35] Louis Philippe appointed notable bourgeois as Prime Minister, like banker Casimir Périer, academic François Guizot, general Jean-de-Dieu Soult, and thus obtained the nickname of "Citizen King" (Roi-Citoyen). Was Schalbach Lorraine ever a part of Germany, or was it always French? Interesting read. Cloud Ordinances, in an attempt to reduce Parliament's powers and re-establish absolute rule. The exhaustion of Europe after two major wars resulted in a long period of peace, only interrupted by minor conflicts like the War of the Polish Succession from 1733–35. Franks were, in fact, a fully Germanic people who spoke various proto-Germanic languages which eventually became Dutch, German, etc. Acquisitions after the end of the Hundred Years' War: kingdom in Western Europe from 843 to 1791, Late Middle Ages and the Hundred Years' War, Stuart Airlie, "Review article: After Empire‐recent work on the emergence of post‐Carolingian kingdoms. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. [29] The opposition reacted with riots in Parliament and barricades in Paris, that resulted in the July Revolution.
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