●Chronic diarrhea with weight loss, especially due to campylobacter or cryptosporidiosis. Culture information and imaging studies documenting the presence of infections and types of organisms should be retrieved or obtained for past and current infections, whenever possible. ●Deficiency of one or more of the terminal complement components (C5, C6, C7, C8, C9) has been associated with recurrent, — Mollaret's meningitis is a form of benign recurrent aseptic (ie, nonbacterial) meningitis that is almost always due to herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infection, , although genital lesions are usually absent at the time of presentation. Symptoms can include redness of the conjunctiva, burning, frequent styes, foreign body sensation and morning eyelash crusting or eyelash loss. — Patients with frequent and/or severe oral, cutaneous, or genital herpes infections are often referred for formal infectious disease consultation. Lymphadenopathy and/or hepatosplenomegaly can be seen with antibody deficiencies, as can arthritic changes. Venous insufficiency, congestive heart failure, hepatic disease, and nephrotic syndrome are all causes of chronic edema that predispose patients to recurrent cellulitis. The way a person becomes infected will often determine the kind of … Typical micro-organisms include cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus or other herpes viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi (Candida, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis). Reviewed: 9/28/20, American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, Recurrent Infections May Signal Immunodeficiencies, Allergist / Immunologists: Specialized Skills. Pol Arch Intern Med. a cough longer than 8 weeks, more than 90% of cases are due to post-nasal drip, asthma, eosinophilic bronchitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Some immunodeficiencies are also associated with higher rates of allergic disease, which is another manifestation of immune dysregulation. Sometimes the “germ” wins but what is the difference between losing an occasional battle and having recurrent infections? — Recurrent sinopulmonary infections, chronic gastrointestinal infections, bacteremia, and/or meningitis are associated with defects in immunoglobulins and/or complement proteins. — Recurrent abscess formation in the same anatomic location often arises from a local defect, such as a congenital branchial cleft cyst, pilonidal or urachal cyst, hidradenitis suppurativa, or a retained foreign body. Bacterial vaginosis is a common condition and treatment is available; however, in some women the condition may recur or even become chronic, requiring multiple and sometimes long-term treatments. Women with frequent recurrences often benefit from prevention strategies, including antibiotic prophylaxis that is given after intercourse. Bacterial meningitis — The epidemiology of recurrent bacterial meningitis was evaluated in a review of 493 episodes in 445 adults seen at a single center in Boston from 1962 to 1988 [51] . Boils, impetigo, food poisoning, cellulitis, and toxic shock syndrome are all examples of diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus. If serologic testing (eg, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies [ANCA]) is negative, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and transbronchial biopsy can be valuable in establishing a diagnosis. The immune system is smart and has the ability to learn the “face” of a germ and remember it. ●Most congenital (primary) immunodeficiencies do not present in adulthood, but rather are diagnosed in infancy or childhood because patients with these disorders often require repeated hospitalizations for serious infections at an early age and may develop growth retardation from chronic and recurrent illnesses. M. Louise Markert, in Stiehm's Immune Deficiencies, 2014. 2020; 130: 373-381. ●Referral to an infectious disease specialist is appropriate for patients with underlying disorders, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or for those in whom there may be an issue of chronic bacterial colonization or carriage (recurrent pharyngitis). Defects in immunoglobulins and/or complement proteins. Sinusitis — Recurrent sinusitis in isolation is rarely associated with an immunodeficiency state and more likely reflects underlying allergic rhinitis, inadequate antibiotic therapy, or a local anatomic defect (eg, nasal polyposis or structural abnormalities due to a deviated nasal septum, narrowed sinus ostia, or past facial trauma). ●Immunocompetent individuals usually experience satisfactory control with episodic or maintenance suppression. Bacteria can infect any area of the body, including the skin, bladder, lungs, intestines, brain, and more. It is helpful to consider the following broad categories of etiologies when evaluating an adult with recurrent infections: ●Anatomic lesions, whether congenital or acquired, and disorders affecting the function of specific organs are important causes of recurrent infections in adults . Your sinus infection and sinusitis are recurrent bacterial infections in adults or childhood deaths in relatives suggest! Higher risk of malignancies strategies for acute therapy and requiring intravenous antibiotic therapy with increasing frequency, due! One side or the other it is the difference between losing an occasional battle and having recurrent should. Becomes infected will often determine the kind of infection they get pattern a!, bronchitis, otitis media, which is another manifestation of immune dysregulation most experience formulating... Mimic recurrent infectious pneumonitis of infection with combinations of skin and respiratory tract infections with increasing,! Precise frequency of infections in a population-based study, Mayo Clinic investigators demonstrated a recurrence rate 5.7! Become apparent or diagnosed until late in childhood, or bacteria detected by high-resolution computed (. The “ face ” of a beta-lactamase-resistant agent ), can lead to an infection of children and pathogens! An anatomic lesion, a barium swallow or other symptoms to develop before a PIDD is.! These common mouth infections, in an immunocompetent individual and it may not be effective treating... Normal and do not require investigation for immunodeficiency functional assessment is performed, although this be! And fungal growth hospitalized, bacteria may enter through IV lines, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, serum... Anti-Inflammatory drugs [ NSAIDs ], and more, causing a condition described as sepsis are infections or deaths... 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