Steve Blum

Soon after September 1923, the aid mission came to an end and the trio left the Ukraine, planning to spend a year in Paris. With Allied forces in Norway, Quisling expected a characteristically swift German response. The article was entitled "Politiske tanker ved Fridtjof Nansens død" ("Political Thoughts on the Death of Fridtjof Nansen") and was published on 24 May. Thereafter, Norway would maintain official neutrality as long as possible, and finally the country would fall under German rather than British control. He would rather abdicate than appoint Quisling prime minister. [158] He rejected the basic teachings of orthodox Christianity and established a new theory of life, which he called Universism, a term borrowed from a textbook which Jan Jakob Maria de Groot had written on Chinese philosophy. They guard the Royal residences, including the Royal Palace, the Crown Prince Residence at Skaugum, and the Royal Mausoleum at Akershus Castle. The collection, including "veritable treasures," had been insured for almost 300,000 kroner. [45] The first meeting of the league took place on 17 March 1931, stating the purpose of the movement was to "eliminate the imported and depraved communist insurgency. This would have ended the reign of his family and the Norwegian monarchy, as Harald was the sole heir to the throne. Harald V received an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford University in 2006 (as did his father, King Olav, in 1937, and his grandfather, King Haakon, in 1943). Privately, Quisling had long accepted that National Socialism would be defeated. He later attended the Cavalry Officers' Candidate School at Trandum, followed by enrollment at the Norwegian Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1959. In the autumn of 1945 he was enrolled in third grade of Smestad skole as the first member of the royal family to attend a public (state) school. For years he had been in financial difficulties and reliant on his inheritance, while increasing numbers of his paintings were found to be copies when he tried to sell them. Harald V (Norwegian: [ˈhɑ̀rɑl]; born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway, having ascended the throne upon the death of his father King Olav V on 17 January 1991. [67] This made it the fifth largest party in Norway, out-polling the Communists but not the Conservative, Labour, Liberal or Agrarian parties, and failing to secure a single seat in Parliament. [109] Quisling remained convinced this was an anti-German sentiment that would fade away once Berlin had handed power over to Nasjonal Samling. [97], Quisling now reached the high-water mark of his political power. Harald spent part of his childhood in Sweden and the United States. [98] He went further in a meeting with his cabinet, letting it be known that he would sooner abdicate than appoint any government headed by Quisling. [55][nb 2] The so-called "pepper affair" served to polarise opinion about Quisling, and government fears grew concerning reasonably open Soviet elements in Norway who had been active in promoting industrial unrest. Until 2012, the King of Norway was, according to the constitution, the formal head of the Church of Norway. When he put this to Hitler in person, the Nazi leader remained unmoved despite Norway's contributions to the war effort. However, he wasn't present in Vancouver; the Crown Prince attended instead, with the King and Queen attending later in the games. However, this required the King’s abdication. Notification of approaching foreign battleships was sent to Oscarsborg Fortress, strategically located at the narrowest point of the Oslofjord. [81] It is not clear how much Quisling himself understood about the strategic implications of such a move, and he instead relied on his future Minister of Domestic Affairs, Albert Hagelin, who was fluent in German, to put the relevant arguments to German officials in Berlin during pre-meeting talks, even though Hagelin was prone to damaging exaggeration at times. The constitutional amendment of 21 May 2012 made the King no longer the formal head, but he is still required to be of the Evangelical Lutheran religion. For the next five years the government-in-exile led and coordinated Norwegian war efforts from its base in London. [18][19][20][21], In 2015, he became the world's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica, specifically the Norwegian dependency Queen Maud Land. The only change to the Constitution was the reinstatement of the ban on Jewish entry into Norway, which had been abolished in 1851. Speeches by both Bergh and Quisling himself could not change the outcome. [110], In January 1942, Terboven announced the German administration would be wound down. An October appeal to the Supreme Court was rejected. The heavy cruiser Blücher sailed into the Oslofjord in the early morning hours of 9 April. [22], Having left Ukraine in September 1922, Quisling and Alexandra returned to Kharkov in February 1923 to prolong aid efforts, with Nansen describing Quisling's work as "absolutely indispensable. [128] Nevertheless, the Germans exerted increasing control over law and order in Norway. [65], Increased support also materialised when the Bygdefolkets Krisehjelp, the Norwegian Farmers' Aid Association, sought financial aid from Nasjonal Samling, who in turn gained political influence and a useful existing network of well-trained party officers. [24] Quisling found the situation much improved and, with no fresh challenges, found it a more boring trip than his last. Following the deportation of the Jews, Germany deported Norwegian officers and finally attempted to deport students from the University of Oslo. In Norway the German occupation authority, led by Reich commissioner Josef Terboven, attempted to establish a legal occupation government, elected by the Storting, to collaborate with the Nazis. Terboven declared the King and the Government deposed, and outlawed all political parties other than the Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian National Socialist party). [111], After a brief postponement, an announcement was made on 1 February 1942, detailing how the cabinet had elected Quisling to the post of Minister-President of the national government. Quisling now toughened his stance, telling Norwegians that they would have the new regime forced upon them "whether they like it or not." When the parliamentary situation is unclear, the king relies on the advice of the President of Parliament and the sitting prime minister. [39] Quisling focused more on organisation than the practicalities of government; for instance, all members of Norsk Aktion were to have their own designation in a militaristic hierarchy. At 22:00, Quisling resumed broadcasting, repeating his earlier message and reading out a list of new ministers. "[138] He misrepresented the truth on several occasions and the truthful majority of his statements won him few advocates in the country at large, where he remained almost universally despised. The next two months he spent traveling constantly with his wife Maria. [43] He is also an honorary fellow at Balliol College, Oxford. From that point on, wrote biographer Dahl, Quisling had to tread a "fine line between truth and falsehood," and emerged from it "an elusive and often pitiful figure. His original writings stretched to a claimed two thousand pages. Quisling was admonished and learned that Norway would not get the independence he so greatly yearned for. [158] He blended philosophy and science into a new religion he called Universism, or Universalism, which was a unified explanation of everything. info)) was born on 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, in the Norwegian county of Telemark. [nb 9], On 26 November, the detainees were deported, along with their families. To bolster the survival chances of the Nordic genotype, contraception was severely restricted. Harald is an honorary president of the International Soling Association. [nb 5] The Germans had expected the government to surrender and to have its replacement ready; neither happened, although the invasion itself continued. [16] In the autumn of 1921, Quisling left Norway once again, this time at the request of explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen, and in January 1922 arrived in the Ukrainian capital Kharkov to help with the League of Nations humanitarian relief effort there. Four years later in 1958 he would lose his maternal grandmother Princess Ingeborg of Denmark. Following the death of his grandfather Haakon VII in 1957, Harald became crown prince as his father became king. [71] Part of this was due to his hardening anti-Semitic stance, associating Judaism with Marxism, liberalism and, increasingly, anything else he found objectionable, and part as a result of Nasjonal Samling's growing similarity to the German Nazi Party. On 21 August 1922, Quisling married the Russian Alexandra Andreevna Voronina,[13] the daughter of a doctor. On 1 May 1942, the German High Command noted that "organised resistance to Quisling has started" and Norway's peace talks with Germany stalled as a result. When war broke out on 1 September 1939, Quisling felt vindicated by both the event and the immediate superiority displayed by the German army. Even his political allies, including Prytz, deserted him. For his party, the association with Italian fascism could not have come at a worse time, so soon after headlines of illegal Italian incursions into Abyssinia. Though these were all Terboven's decisions, Quisling agreed with them and went on to denounce the government-in-exile as "traitors." [28] Quisling's stay in Paris did not last as long as planned, and in late 1923 he started work on Nansen's new repatriation project in the Balkans, arriving in Sofia in November. German troops invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, planning to capture the King and the Government in order to force the country to surrender. In 1960, Harald entered Balliol College, Oxford where he studied history, economics and politics. "[151] The noun survived, and for a while during and after World War II, the back-formed verb to quisle /ˈkwɪzəl/ was used. In 1955 he graduated from Oslo katedralskole and in the autumn of that year, Harald began studies at the University of Oslo. With the assistance of Hjort and Prytz, Nordisk folkereisning i Norge quickly became a political party, Nasjonal Samling, or NS, literally "National Unity," ready to contest the forthcoming October election. [120] Most controversially, the Jews' property was confiscated by the state. After hours of discussion, Quisling and his German counterparts decided that an immediate coup was necessary, though this was not the preferred option of either Germany's ambassador Curt Bräuer or the German Foreign Ministry. Though now accepted, this charge was later one of the few for which the jury at Quisling's trial did not find sufficient evidence. To this end, he opposed plans to have a German SS brigade loyal only to Hitler installed in Norway. [102] Terboven eventually accepted a certain Nasjonal Samling presence in the government during June, but remained unconvinced about Quisling. The King put forth the German demands in an extraordinary meeting of the Council of State in the village of Nybergsund. In 1960, he also made his first official journey abroad, visiting the United States in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of the American Scandinavian Foundation. The Government supported the King’s decision and maintained its oppositional stance. [3] However, when the King and Crown Prince inquired of Swedish foreign minister Christian Günther whether they could sleep one night in Sweden without being interned, they were denied. The Reichskommissar would now have to accommodate Quisling as leader of the government, then allow him to rebuild the Nasjonal Samling and bring more of his men into the cabinet. He promised Norwegian support in the final phase of the war if Germany agreed to a peace deal that would remove Norway's affairs from German intervention. [102] Quisling remained there until 20 August, while Rosenberg and Admiral Erich Raeder, whom he had met on his earlier visit to Berlin, negotiated on his behalf. [83] As German machinations continued, Quisling was intentionally kept in the dark.

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